Key threats

Cropping-system simplification, loss of functional biodiversity, weed pressure, yield instability, declining soil organic carbon and fertility

Planned solutions

Diversified crop rotations; cereal-legume intercropping; smart tillage; variable-rate fertilization; threshold-based weed control; microbial biostimulants; compost tea; valorisation of ecosystem services

Digital & sensor assets

Electrical-conductivity (EC) mapping, VRT equipment, soil sensors, CARBOND platform

Key threats

Soil salinisation hot-spots, seasonal water deficit, erosion, biodiversity and organic-matter loss

Planned solutions

Quinoa and camelina strips for salt uptake; deficit-irrigation calendar; compost-biochar; wheat-barley-quinoa rotation; peer-to-peer field schools

Digital & sensor assets

EC, moisture, temperature, pH and light sensors; VRT fertigation

Key threats

Severe water deficit with limited conventional water resources; soil degradation from inorganic fertilisers and saline irrigation water

Planned solutions

Vegetal covers; regulated deficit irrigation; residue-based composts; decision support for fertigation

Digital & sensor assets

Soil water probes at multiple depths, plant water-stress sensors, fertigation DSS

Key threats

Nitrate leaching to aquifers, top-soil carbon loss, herbicide resistance

Planned solutions

Strip-tillage; cereal-oilseed-legume rotation; multi-species cover crops; variable-rate nitrogen; mechanical weeding; biofertilisers and compost

Digital & sensor assets

Precision-irrigation and smart nitrogen-management tools

Key threats

Marginal saline soils and salty drainage water under oasis conditions

Planned solutions

Intercropping quinoa-lucerne and quinoa-camelina with date-palm; compo-char soil amendments

Digital & sensor assets

Smart sensors for soil-property measurement